For nearly any business, earning and growing profits is a top priority. It indicates the company can sustain its operations and earn enough to invest back into the company or distribute earnings to shareholders.
A profit and loss statement (P&L) isn’t just for your accountant; it’s a tool that helps you understand how your business earns and spends money.
For business owners who are not financial experts, navigating the various line items of the profit and loss statement can seem like a foreign language. In this guide, we’ll walk you through how to read a P&L statement and what it might tell you about your business.

A P&L statement is a financial report that shows revenue, expenses, and the resulting net profit or loss over a specific period.
Key components include gross revenue, cost of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, gross profit, and net income.
You start with revenue, subtract COGS to get gross profit, review expenses, and calculate net income or loss.
A P&L report helps identify revenue trends, spending patterns, profit margins, and overall business performance.
Common mistakes include ignoring COGS, misclassifying expenses, not comparing periods, and focusing only on net profit.
A P&L statement should be reviewed regularly—monthly, quarterly, or annually—depending on business needs.